New Jersey Criminal Defense Attorney Blog

Sex Offender Registration – What You Need to Know

December 28, 2022 | By James S. Friedman, LLC

If you are required to register as a sex offender, there are certain rules and procedures you need to remember at all times. Failure to register properly can result in a charge for an indictable offense. If you are charged and convicted, you may never be relieved of your registration and supervision obligations, even if you meet all of the other requirements. As New Jersey Megan’s Law attorneys, we are fully familiar with these obligations, and frequently defend those accused of violating them. What follows is a brief summary of some of the more common registration procedures and issues. Since every case is different, a Megan’s Law lawyer in New Jersey should be consulted concerning unique issues and situations.

As a general rule, registration involves notifying the local police department that the offender resides, or intends to reside, in that municipality. Offenders who have been incarcerated must register prior to their release. If a New Jersey offender works or goes to school out of State but still resides in New Jersey, they are still required to register in the State where they work or go to school, following all non-resident registration procedures. Offenders who come to New Jersey from other States must notify the police department, or the New Jersey State Police, where they are going to reside within 10 days of arriving here. This time frame also applies to offenders who are moving to another municipality. Like offenders moving to New Jersey from another State, they have 10 days to notify the local police department that they now live there.

Offenders must re-register and verify their address with the local police department on an annual basis. The time frame for this requirement is measured from the date of the offender’s initial registration or most recent re-registration resulting from a change of address, and not from the date that the offender first appeared at the police department to verify their address. If the offender was found to be repetitive and compulsive and served a sentenced at the Adult Diagnostic and Treatment Center in Avenel (“ADTC”), they must verify their address with local law enforcement every 90 days. Continue reading ›

Can Parole Violations Bar You From Terminating Your Megan’s Law and PSL Obligations?

December 26, 2022 | By James S. Friedman, LLC

One of the basic criteria for being relieved of Megan’s Law registration and Parole Supervision for Life requirements is that the movant must have remained offense-free and conviction-free for 15 years from the date of their conviction or the date of release from a State prison facility, whichever is later. As we have discussed in prior blog entries and on our firm’s website, there is a crucial difference in the wording of the statutes containing this requirement. The Megan’s Law statute states that the movant must not have “committed an offense” within this 15-year period, while the Parole Supervision for Life statutes says that the movant must not have “committed a crime” during that time. Arguably, this may mean that someone who was charged with an offense but not convicted of a crime during the relevant time period can be removed from parole supervision, but can still be required to register under Megan’s Law. It is actually not all that unusual for someone to be removed from PSL, but still be required to register under Megan’s Law. A Megan’s Law attorney in New Jersey can discuss these distinctions with you in greater detail.

We are Parole Supervision for Life lawyers in New Jersey who represent clients seeking to be removed from these burdensome regimens. We therefore stay on top of all of the latest developments in the law concerning these issues. A recent appellate court decision discussed an important issue for individuals who may have encountered problems while on parole supervision, and are now trying to have their registration and supervision obligations terminated.

Many individuals who consult with us concerning a termination motion do not have conventional criminal charges or convictions in any court at any time during the 15-year period. They have, however, violated their parole and have incurred parole violations. If the person is adjudicated guilty of a parole violation, their parole may be revoked and they can be required to serve a prison term of at least twelve months. As New Jersey parole violation attorneys, we frequently represent such clients in violation hearings before the parole board. Continue reading ›

New Information Concerning Firearms Purchaser Identification Cards, Handgun Purchase Permits and Carry Permits

December 25, 2022 | By James S. Friedman, LLC

As gun permit attorneys in New Jersey, we stay abreast of all the latest developments in this complex area of the law, which is constantly changing. A recent directive from the Courts, dated December 22, 2022, provides new information that applicants for firearms purchaser identification cards, handgun purchase permits, and carry permits, need to know.

Governor Murphy has signed new laws that amend several of the State’s statutes that regulate the purchase and ownership of firearms. These amendments were required by the recent United States Supreme Court decision in New York State Rifle and Pistol Association v. Bruen, decided earlier this year. The amendments are effective immediately.

The major changes to the law (and those that our clients seem most concerned about) involve carry permits. The amendments remove the New Jersey Courts from the initial decision making process concerning applications for carry permits. State law previously required an applicant to submit a written certification of ‘justifiable need’ to the reviewing law enforcement officer as part of the carry permit application process. If the the law enforcement officer approved the application and certification, it would be presented to a Superior Court judge for further review. If the applicant successfully demonstrated, among other things, a ‘justifiable need’ to carry a handgun in accordance with applicable law, the judge would approve the application and issue the permit. As a result of the Bruen decision, this procedure was deemed unconstitutional; thus, the ‘justifiable need’ requirement has been eliminated and the Court is no longer part of the initial application and issuance process for carry permits. Continue reading ›

Megan’s Law Tiering and the Registrant Risk Assessment Scale (RRAS)

December 13, 2022 | By James S. Friedman, LLC

One of the first major events following conviction for a Megan’s Law offense is the assignment of a Megan’s Law tier. There are three tiers, one for “low”; two for “moderate”, and three for “high”. The tier score is based upon an assessment of the defendant using the Registrant Risk Assessment Scale or RRAS. The purpose of the tiering is to assess the defendant’s risk of engaging in sexually inappropriate behaviors in the future. The tier classification is important because it will set the level of notification of the defendant’s presence in the community where they live. Generally speaking, defendants in the moderate or high tier are viewed as presenting an increased risk of re-offending; thus, placement in these tiers can result in local institutions, such as schools, receiving notification of the defendant’s presence in the area. It can also result in the defendant’s information being posted on the internet. A Megan’s Law attorney in New Jersey can answer questions concerning a defendant’s tier assignment and notification.

The RRAS is far from perfect. It was created in the 1990’s, based upon whatever information was then available concerning sex offenses and sex offenders. Much more is currently known about defendants who have been convicted of these offenses as well as the overall functioning of the Megan’s Law registration system, but the RRAS has not really changed. It appears to have value in determining an individual defendant’s risk level when they are sentenced, but has relatively little value in predicting long-term behavior. This is significant, since the RRAS does not account for such crucial factors as the amount of time the defendant has remained offense-free while present in the community. There is now considerable data to support the conclusion that a defendant’s age and amount of time living in the community with no new charges correlates with a reduced risk of re-offense. Thus, the value of the RRAS as a predictive tool is somewhat limited.

Nevertheless, New Jersey continues to use the RRAS to assess risk of re-offense and the corresponding level of community notification, and a defendant’s scoring is of great concern. The scoring is based upon thirteen factors divided into four areas. The first is “seriousness of offense”, which includes the degree of force used; the degree of contact; and the victim’s age. The next area concerns the defendant’s “offense history”, which includes victim selection; number of offenses or victims; the duration of the offense behavior; the length of time since the defendant’s last offense; and the defendant’s history of anti-social acts. The third area concerns “offender characteristics”, and includes the defendant’s response to sex offender treatment; and the defendant’s substance abuse history. The final area focuses on “community support”, and includes therapeutic support; residential support; and employment or education stability. The defendant is scored in each of these 13 areas and the points are then totaled up. A score of 0 to 36 places the defendant in the low tier. A score of 37 to 73 places the defendant in the moderate tier. A score of 74 to 111 places the defendant in the high tier. Some of these factors are “static”, which means the scores will never change. Others are considered “dynamic” factors, which can be reduced with supporting information. A Megan’s Law attorney in New Jersey can tell you if your score, and your tiering, can be reduced, thereby placing you in a lower tier with less extensive notification.

Why Are You Still on Megan’s Law and Community Supervision for Life or Parole Supervision for Life? What You Need to Know to Get Off.

December 11, 2022 | By James S. Friedman, LLC

We are New Jersey Megan’s Law lawyers who frequently prepare, file and argue motions for termination of Megan’s Law registration obligations, as well as termination of parole supervision for life or community supervision for life requirements. As parole supervision for life lawyers in New Brunswick, New Jersey, we represent clients in every New Jersey county who are seeking to bring their registration and supervision nightmares to an end. We also monitor the most recent developments in this area of the law, so as to always be aware of current trends and issues.

The basic requirements for termination of Megan’s Law and parole supervision for life are fairly straight-forward, at least on the surface. Generally speaking, those seeking termination of their Megan’s Law registration requirement must satisfy three criteria. First, the applicant must not have been convicted of aggravated sexual assault, or sexual assault involving force or coercion. Next, at least 15 years must have transpired since the later of the date of the applicant’s conviction (measured from the date of sentencing), or date of release from prison, and the applicant must have remained offense-free during that 15-year period. Finally, the applicant must be able to show that they are not likely to pose a threat to the safety of others. This last showing is made by means of a psychological evaluation that is submitted with the motion papers. The evaluation is prepared by a forensic psychologist who is specifically trained to do this work, and can prepare a report designed to satisfy the concerns of judges and prosecutors. An experienced Megan’s Law attorney in New Jersey can tell you if you meet these criteria given the facts and circumstances of your unique situation.

The requirements for terminating parole supervision for life are similar. The applicant must be able to show that they have not committed a crime during the 15-year period described above, and must also show that they will not be a danger to the community if they are released from parole supervision. A parole supervision for life attorney in New Jersey can explain how these criteria apply to your case.

Mass-Incarceration – US Numbers are Down, but for the Wrong Reasons

December 8, 2022 | By James S. Friedman, LLC

According to a recent Bureau of Justice Statistics report, the number of individuals held in state or federal prisons in the United States declined 15% from 2019 to 2020, which appears to be the latest time period for which data is available. Most jurisdictions showed declines ranging from 7% to 31% The number of individuals receiving sentences exceeding a year in either state or federal prison also declined.

The problem is that the COVID pandemic was largely responsible for the decline in incarceration at both the state and federal level. Courts nationwide substantially altered their operations for either part or all of 2020. There were significant delays in trials and/or sentencing proceedings for defendants generally. This was reflected in a 40% decrease in admissions to both state and federal facilities from 2019.

As of the end of 2020, the number of state or federal prisoners had decreased by 15% from 2019, and by 25% from 2009, which is the year the number of inmates in the United States peaked. Nine states showed decreases in the number of incarcerated individuals of at least 20% from 2019 to 2020. The prison populations of California and Texas, as well as the number of individuals in the custody of the Federal Bureau of Prisons, each declined by more than 22,500 from 2019 to 2020. This accounted for 33% of the total prison population decrease.

Applying for a Carry Permit in New Jersey

December 6, 2022 | By James S. Friedman, LLC

A recent United States Supreme Court decision has made it much easier to obtain a carry permit in New Jersey. Our firm represents responsible gun owners in a variety of gun permit matters, so this is an area of law that we monitor closely. What follows is a non-exhaustive list of pointers for tackling the application process, as well as some other thoughts to be kept in mind by individuals seeking to carry a gun for personal protection.

Please note that the following instructions are the same for initial and renewal applications.

First, applicants must apply in person. Out-of-State residents should apply at the non-toll road State police barracks closest to their residence. In-State residents should apply at their local police department. In any case, call the local police department or barracks before going there – do not just show up.

Are New Jersey State Troopers Receiving the Best Training? A Recent Report Raises Many Concerns

November 15, 2022 | By James S. Friedman, LLC

A recent report issued on November 10, 2022 by the New Jersey Office of the State Comptroller found various flaws in the training provided to New Jersey State Police (“NJSP”) officers. Deficiencies in officer training is an issue that must concern everyone. Here are some of the issues discussed in the report.:

Training on such issues as the “Use of Force” policy deviated from the established curriculum, and instructors who were observed during training sessions appeared to have no interest in the training. At least one instructor described sections of courses dealing with issues such as culture and diversity in very negative terms. Another instructor reduced the time allotted to discuss prejudice and discrimination, and omitted a video on hate crimes that was to be shown as part of the course.
Representatives of the NJSP Training Bureau are supposed to observe instructors to determine whether training is being presented appropriately, and to identify areas where training can be improved. Feedback from instructors indicated a lack of consistency in how and/or when such evaluations would be conducted.
There are supposed to be formal eligibility and selection criteria for instructors. Some instructors are being allowed to provide training without first demonstrating that they meet these criteria by, for example, submitting resumes or being interviewed.
NJSP does not ensure that officers who are promoted complete leadership training courses within six months of their promotion. Troopers who are promoted are supposed to complete rank-specific training within that time period.
Academy recruits are not asked for feedback concerning specific courses in the form of course evaluations.
NJSP lesson plans for specific courses fail to adhere to best practices for adult learning.
NJSP has no policy or practice of regularly reviewing lesson plans and course materials.

Statements to Law Enforcement – A Mistake Many Defendants Live to Regret

November 13, 2022 | By James S. Friedman, LLC

Statements to law enforcement are a routine part of many criminal investigations. The atmosphere in which a statement is taken is pretty grim. A suspect is placed in an interview room which, in itself, is an inherently coercive environment. These rooms are typically small and engender a sense of being cut off and isolated. Most statements are typically taken by at least two law enforcement officers, so the suspect being interviewed will naturally feel outnumbered. Requests by the suspect during the interview to seek advice from others, such as family members, are denied. In New Jersey, statements are typically recorded in video format. This was not always the case – video recordings became part of the interview procedure because of ongoing complaints concerning abusive tactics by officers conducting the questioning.

But it gets worse than this. Many people think that they can handle themselves in the interview room by simply explaining the underlying situation to the officers present without saying anything that will ultimately undermine their position in any resulting case, and that they will then be allowed to simply leave the facility without being arrested. Generally speaking, nothing can be further from the truth. The officers taking the statement are trained to elicit damaging information from the person being questioned. Further, they have probably already interviewed other people involved in the investigation such as purported victims, and know what they are looking for when it comes time to interview subjects or targets. Thus, alone in an unfamiliar environment, outnumbered, and confronted with officers who have been taught to obtain damaging admissions of wrongdoing and already know something about the underlying facts, many people bury themselves without even realizing it. As a New Jersey criminal defense lawyer, I confront these issues regularly.

A defendant’s statement to law enforcement almost always makes it more difficult to defend the case. The solution to the problems that statements create is simple. Don’t give a statement. A suspect in a criminal case does not have to answer questions from investigating officers, and should refuse to speak to the officers conducting the questioning. Although the suspect will almost certainly be arrested and charged, they have done nothing to strengthen the case against them by giving a statement.

Credibility, Respect for Precedent, and the US Supreme Court

November 11, 2022 | By James S. Friedman, LLC

We are in the midst of the midterm elections, and abortion was a central issue because of the Supreme Court’s overturning of Roe v. Wade. This was obviously on the front burner this election season because of the effect on reproductive and privacy rights. But the overturning of Roe presents another issue that has been touched upon in the media, but may actually be more significant than the elimination of this Constitutional right that has been law for decades.

The basic course in Constitutional Law is a staple of the first year law school curriculum. Indeed, it is probably the favorite of most, if not all, new law school students. It touches on our nation’s history, current events and the operations of our government, and explores issues that are of considerable significance to every American citizen. Anyone who follows world politics knows that no other country has anything like this extremely unique institution. One of the points that is emphasized in this course is the somewhat obvious fact that our Supreme Court does not have an army or law enforcement apparatus that may be called upon to enforce its decisions. The strength of the Court’s decisions and the level of seriousness with which they are viewed and accepted as law is a function of the Court’s credibility. If the Court is not viewed as a credible institution, its decisions could be ignored, and even laughed at. As has been reflected in the media, the current Court has lost a substantial amount of credibility in the eyes of many Americans for several reasons.

First, the importance and role of precedent is a hallmark of American jurisprudence. The law is not supposed to be based on surprises but must instead, at least to some extent, be predictable. Taking a precedent like Roe that has been the law of this country for decades and overturning it as was done is anything but predictable. In fact, there were media reports that Chief Justice Roberts, who was not a fan of Roe, favored a more incremental approach to pulling back on it. Obviously, this was not what happened, and the result was the ongoing scramble among the various states to make decisions concerning the extent to which the right to choose will be protected.